‘Time: What is it That it can be Measured?’

Judicial Independence: What It Is, How It Can Be Measured, Why It Occurs

Judicial independence is widely considered to be a foundation for the rule of law (Council of Europe 1998; United Nations 1985), and establishing judicial independence in developing and transition economies has become a major goal of donor-supported legal and judicial reform programs. This topic brief will address three questions related to judicial independence. First, what exactly does "judic...

“Not Everything That Is Faced Can Be Changed, but Nothing Can Be Changed Until It Is Faced”: A Response to Recent Commentaries

Trust in physicians and medical institutions: what is it, can it be measured, and does it matter?

Despite the profound and pervasive importance of trust in medical settings, there is no commonly shared understanding of what trust means, and little is known about what difference trust actually makes, what factors affect trust, and how trust relates to other similar attitudes and behaviors. To address this gap in understanding, the emerging theoretical, empirical, and public policy literature...

What Is Resilience and How Can It Be Nurtured? A Systematic Review of Empirical Literature on Organizational Resilience

Background Recent health system shocks such as the Ebola outbreak of 2014–2016 and the global financial crisis of 2008 have generated global health interest in the concept of resilience. The concept is however not new, and has been applied to other sectors for a longer period of time. We conducted a review of empirical literature from both the health and other sectors to synthesize evidence on ...

Leadership Can Be Learned, But How Is It Measured?

How does leadership development contribute to measurable changes in organizational performance, that is, behavior changes in teams and the results they produce that contribute to the organization’s overall goals? How should we explore and document the performance factors and experiences of participants to understand the influences of a leadership program? To answer these questions, Management S...